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Kwadalwa ngo Ngokwamukisa
Indima Yezinhlelo Zamabhuleki Kubuchwepheshe Bokushayela Okuzenzakalelayo
Izinhlelo zokumisa zibalulekile ukuze kube nokuphepha ezimotweni ezizimele. Izinsiza zihlola ubungozi, kodwa izinhlelo zokumisa zima imoto. Emgwaqweni, izinhlelo zokumisa ezinhle ziqinisekisa ukuhamba okuhle noma ukuhamba okuphephile.
Ukwakhiwa kokulawula imoto nezinhlelo zokumisa kubonakala kahle. Ama-algorithms ayala izinhlelo zokumisa, okumele zisebenze kahle ukuze kube nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo nokokuphatha.
Ama-AV afuna ukumisa okuqhubekayo. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Waymo ne-Tesla ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokumisa zihlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuphepha ukuze kube nokumisa okuphephile.
E-US, abalawuli bahlola amabhuleki ngaphambi kokuba izimoto zibe sezindleleni. Izinkampani ziqapha ukusebenza kwamabhuleki ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha njengoba izimoto eziningi zizihambela zodwa.
Izisekelo Zesistimu Yamabhuleki zezimoto ezizihambelayo
Izinhlelo zamabhuleki zibalulekile ekubeni imoto ezihambelayo ikwazi ukuma ngokuphepha. Ukuqonda ukuthi ungasebenza futhi usebenzise kanjani amabhuleki nokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani izinzwa ukukala ukusebenza kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimoto ezizihambelayo zima ngokuphepha. Abaklami bafuna zonke izicelo zamabhuleki ezimbili zizizwe zifana kungakhathalekile imoto noma isivinini; ziphole ngokushesha, futhi zinikeze ulwazi olucacile lokuxilonga ukuze kusizwe izinqumo ezenziwa uhlelo lokulawula lwe-elektroniki.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko: amaphedi amabhuleki, ama-rotor amabhuleki, ama-caliper amabhuleki, kanye noketshezi lwamabhuleki
Amaphedi amabhuleki anciphisa isivinini semoto ngokuhlikihla ama-rotor amabhuleki. Onjiniyela bakhetha izinto zamaphedi ezihlala isikhathi eside ezishisweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ama-rotor amabhuleki athatha ukushisa ngesikhathi sokuma. Ama-rotor alula, avunduzi anciphisa isisindo futhi avimbele ukushisa ngokweqile.
Ama-caliper amabhuleki asebenzisa ingcindezi kuma-pads. Ama-caliper aqinile ahlinzeka ngokulawula, kanti ama-caliper entantayo agcina isisindo.
Uketshezi lwebhuleki ludlulisa amandla ukusuka ku-master cylinder uye emavulini, ludinga iphuzu eliphezulu lokuqina nokuhlanzeka ukuze kube nokubopha okungaguquki.
Ngeminye imininingwane, buka i-incazelo esebenzayo ngemishini yesistimu yamabhuleki. Ihlanganisa ama-master cylinders, ama-booster, noketshezi.
Ukukhetha kwezinkundla ezizenzakalelayo phakathi kwamabhuleki ediski nalawo amadumbe kulandelayo
Ama-AV amaningi akhetha amabhuleki ediski ngoba aphola ngokushesha futhi ayamelana nokushisa kakhulu kunamabhuleki amadumbe; ngakho-ke, amabhuleki ediski azosetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningi zesistimu yamabhuleki ye-AV. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-AV angase asasebenzisa amabhuleki amadumbe ku-axle yangemuva ngezizathu zezomnotho futhi angaba nezinkinga ngokusebenza lapho esetshenziswa kakhulu, yingakho amabhuleki amadumbe cishe angalokothi asetshenziswe njengesistimu yamabhuleki eyinhloko yemoto.
Indlela i-ABS ehambisana ngayo nezinhlelo zokulawula ezizimele
I-ABS ivimbela ukuvaleka kwemathayi futhi igcina imoto ikwazi ukuhamba ngesikhathi sokumisa okunamandla, ibonwa njengomsebenzi oyisisekelo wokuphepha.
I-ABS ithumela idatha yokushesha kwemathayi kumakhalekhukhwini emoto, ihlanganisa ne-LiDAR, i-radar, kanye namakhamera ukuze kwenziwe ukulungiswa kokumisa ngesikhathi sangempela.
Abaklami balinganisa i-ABS nokumisa okuzenzakalelayo, beqinisekisa ukuphepha ngisho nasekuphumeleleni kwezinsiza.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa ne-software nezinhlelo zamabhuleki
Uhlelo lwamabhuleki lwanamuhla lusebenzisa izinzwa ne-software. I-LiDAR, i-radar, namakhamera kusiza ukunquma amandla nesikhathi sokubopha. Lolu hlelo kumele lube ngokushesha, luqondakale, futhi lungabi namaphutha ukuze kuphephe.
Indlela i-LiDAR, i-radar, namakhamera azisa ngayo izinqumo zokubopha
Ukuthwebula izithombe ze-3D okunikezwa yi-LiDAR kunikeza ama-algorithms ulwazi mayelana nezinto ngokwemibandela yebanga kanye nesimo ukusiza ukunquma inani lamandla okubopha adingekayo.
I-Radar iqoqa idatha yesivinini lapho ukubonakala kubi, okubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi mangaki amandla okubopha nokuthi nini ukuwasebenzisa.
Amakhamera aqoqa ulwazi olwengeziwe (isibonelo, izibani zomgwaqo, abahamba ngezinyawo, njll.) mayelana nendawo ezungezile enikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe yokuthi uhlelo lonke luqonda kanjani indawo ezungezile. Ukuhlanganisa idatha evela kuzinzwa ezahlukene (ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa) kunciphisa amaphutha ezinqumweni zokubopha futhi kuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zesistimu.
Izinhlelo ze-Brake-by-wire kanye ne-software redundancy
Izinhlelo ze-Brake-by-wire zisebenzisa imiyalo ye-elektroniki ukuze kuboshwe ngokushesha nangokunembayo.
Ukuze kube nezingozi, kukhona i-software redundancy kanye ne-fail-safes, okuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokubopha iyasebenza noma ngabe kunezinkinga.
Ukucubungula idatha yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuboshwe ngokuphuthumayo
Ukumisa okuphuthumayo kudinga isenzo esisheshayo. Ukubopha kwesikhathi sangempela kudinga ukucubungula okusheshayo kwedatha ukuze kumiswe ngokuphepha.
Amapulatifomu afana ne-NVIDIA Drive enza lezi zinqubo, abeka phambili imilayezo yokubopha.
Uvivinyo luhlola isivinini sokuphendula kwesistimu, luqinisekisa ukumisa okuphephile ezimweni zangempela.
Amandla | Inzwa Eyinhloko | Amandla | Indima ekuBhaleni |
Ibanga kanye nesimo | I-LiDAR | I-3D geometry enencazelo ephezulu | Bala ibanga lokumisa kanye nezimo zezinto ukuze kube nesikhathi esiqondile sokubhalela |
Isivinini kanye nesivinini sokusondela | I-Radar | Ukukala isivinini okunamandla ezimweni zezulu ezinzima | Nikeza okokufaka kwesivinini sokusondela ukuze kusethwe amandla okubhalela futhi kugwenywe ukushayisana |
Umbhalo wokuchaza | Amakhamera | Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto kanye nokuqonda indawo | Khombisa abahamba ngezinyawo, izibani zomgwaqo, nemigqa yemigwaqo ukuze unqume isidingo sokubhalela |
Ukulawula ukusebenza | Ukubhalela nge-elektroniki | Ukulawula okusheshayo kwe-torque nge-elektroniki | Yenza amaphrofayili okubhalela ahleliwe ngokunemba nokuphindeka |
Ukubeka izendlalelo zokuphepha | Ama-ECU nama-sensor aphindaphindayo | Izindlela zokwehluleka ezizimele | Gcina umsebenzi wokubhalela ngaphansi kwezihluleki eziyingxenye nge Ukuphindeka kwesoftware |
Impendulo eqinisekisiwe | I-Edge compute + i-RTOS | Ukucubungula kwesikali se-millisecond | Qinisekisa Ukubhalela ngesikhathi sangempela izinqumo zihlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi |
Ukusebenza kwe-brake nokuhlolwa kokuphepha
Ukuhlola nokuvunywa kubalulekile ekuthembekeni kokumisa okuzenzakalelayo. Abaklami bahlola ibanga lokumisa, isikhathi sokumisa, nokuthi imoto iyasheshisa kanjani. Baphinde babheke ukuthi ukuhamba kwe-brake kuyiqiniso kangakanani.
Ukuze kuqhathaniswe izindlela, ukuhlolwa kwe-brake yokuphuthumayo kuzokwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, kuhlolwa ezindaweni ezifana ne-M-City, ngezici ezifaka phakathi ukusebenza kwe-brake nokushisa, kuqinisekiswa izidingo ze-visa zezingxenye.
Izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlola zizokwenziwa. Isibonelo, izimodeli zivikela ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlola izimo eziningi futhi sishintshe izincazelo zedijithali ngaphambi kokuthi sihamba nazo.
Ukuhlola kuzokwenzeka ngemoto zangempela emigwaqweni yomphakathi, kuhlinzeka ngemininingwane yokuthi yini ezosebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni ezijwayelekile zomgwaqo nokuthi singayithuthukisa kanjani imikhiqizo yethu, siqinisekisa ukuthi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-FMVSS ne-NHTSA zokwethembeka nokuphepha.
Isimo ngasinye senze imithetho elawula ukuhlolwa kwezimoto ezizihambelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abakhiqizi bazohlinzeka ngedatha yengozi nobufakazi bokuthi izinhlelo zabo ziyathembeka. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi kufanele bahlinzeke ngolwazi noma idatha evela ekuhlolweni noma ekulingiseni ukuze bafakazele ukuthobela imithetho yesimo, okuholela endleleni elula yokuqapha nokulawula.
Izinto okufanele kucatshangelwe ekugcinweni kwezimoto ezizihambelayo
Izimoto ezizihambelayo zidinga ukugcinwa ngokucophelela kwezinto zikagesi nezokuhlela. I-Telematics kanye namamodeli okubikezela asiza ukugwema ukuphuka. Abaphathi bezimoto basebenzisa idatha ukuhlela nokuhlola.
Ukuqapha ukuguga kuamaphedi amabhulekikanye nama-rotors nge-telematics
Izinhlelo ze-Telematics zilanda ukuguga kwamabhuleki, zihlola ubukhulu bepayidi nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Izexwayiso zikhombisa lapho amabhuleki edinga ukunakwa.
Ukuxilonga ukude kuthola ama-rotors angalingani noma ama-calipers axegayo, okubalulekile ezimotweni ezihamba ngogesi namaloli.
Izithuthuthu zamaloli ezisebenzisa ugesi neziloli ezincane zisebenzisa i-regenerative braking, okunciphisa ukuguga kwamaphedi amabhuleki, kodwa amabhuleki okungqubuzana asadingeka ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Ukuphathwa kuketshezi lwamabhuleki nezikhathi zesevisi
Uketshezi lwamabhuleki lwamunca umswakama futhi lulahlekelwe iphuzu lokubila. Ukuhlola njalo kubalulekile ukuze kube nekhwalithi. Izimoto zihlanza uketshezi lwamabhuleki njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu.
Izikhumbuzo ezizenzakalelayo zigcina ukunakekelwa kusendleleni. Amarekhodi esevisi aqopha izinguquko zoketshezi nemiphumela yabalawuli.
Ukunakekelwa okubikezelayo kuvimbela ukwehluleka
Ukunakekelwa okubikezelayo kusebenzisa ukufunda ngomshini kusetshenziswa i-telemetry ukubikezela ukwehluleka kwezingxenye nokulandelela impilo yenzwa.
I-Analytics ithola ukwehla, ivumela isoftware ukuthi ikhawulele ukusebenza kwemoto noma icela insizakalo.
Indawo Yokunakekela | Izinto Eziyinhloko Ze-Telemetry | Isikhathi Esivamile | Isenzo Semikhumbi |
Amabhuleki | Ubukhulu be-pad, inani lokusebenza, amandla nge-stop | Iyashintsha; shintsha uma umkhawulo ufinyelelwe | Hlela ukushintshwa, qopha insizakalo |
Ama-rotor amabhuleki | Izimpawu zokudlidliza, izilinganiso ze-run-out, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa | Hlola ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwe-pad noma uma kunezixwayiso | Buyekeza noma ubuyisele, ubuyekeze umlando we-rotor |
Uketshezi lwebhuleki | Ukuqukethwe umswakama, izivivinyo zokuqina kwamathuluzi | Njalo eminyakeni engu-2-3 noma ngokuya nge-OEM | Hlanza uphinde ugcwalise, ubhale endaweni yesikhulumi |
Impilo yenzwa ne-ABS | Ukwahluka kwejubane lamawili, amakhodi wephutha, ukulahleka kwezinga | Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuqinisekiswa njalo | Qalisa ukuxilonga, lungisa noma ubuyisele izingxenye |
Ukunakekelwa okubikezelayo | Idatha yomlando, idatha yemvelo, ubudala bezingxenye | Ukuvuselelwa kwamamodeli okuqhubekayo | Phambili ukulungiswa, nciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi |
Izinselelo zokusebenza kanye nemiphumela yokuphepha komphakathi
Izimoto ezizihambelayo (AVs) zibhekana nezinselelo ezifana nokusebenza okungaguquki kwamabhuleki, okudinga ukuphatha imigwaqo eneqhwa nemvula enkulu. Lokhu kudinga ukulawulwa okuguquguqukayo ukunciphisa ubungozi.
Izinzwa zingavinjelwa yiqhwa noma udoti, okubangela ukubambezeleka nokubopha ngokungazelelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha.
Ukuphatha izimoto eziningi kwengeza ubunzima. Ukugcinwa, izingxenye, nokuqeqeshwa kwabachwepheshe kubalulekile; uma kungaphathwa kahle, ukubopha kuyahlupheka, kwandise ubungozi bezingozi futhi konakalise ukuphepha komphakathi.
Imithetho ecacile yokusebenza kwe-AV ibalulekile ekuvikelekeni nasekubaleni.
Ukubonakala ekubikeni izehlakalo kwakha ukwethemba, okubalulekile ukuze kwamukelwe i-AV nokubeka phambili ukuphepha.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwe-AV, sisebenzisa izendlalelo eziningi zokuvikela, okuhlanganisa izinsozi ne-software, futhi sibeka imingcele yokusebenza ezimweni zezulu ezimbi. Ukubambisana neziphathimandla zasendaweni kubalulekile.
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